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| Title: | Turbulence injuries, Boeing 727-200, July 28, 2000 |
| Micro summary: | This Boeing 727-200 encountered severe turbulence in cruise, seriously injuring two occupants. |
| Event Time: | 2000-07-28 at 1737 EDT |
| File Name: | 2000-07-28-US.pdf |
| Publishing Agency: | National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) |
| Publishing Country: | USA |
| Report number: | ATL00LA072 |
| Pages: | 7 |
| Diversion Airport: | Charleston International Airport (Charleston Air Force Base), Charleston, South Carolina, USA |
| Site of event: | Charleston, SC |
| Departure: | Orlando Sanford International, Orlando, Florida, USA |
| Destination: | Pittsburgh International Airport, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Airplane Type(s): | Boeing 727-200 |
| Flight Phase: | Cruise |
| Registration(s): | N364PA |
| Operator(s): | Pan Am Airways |
| Type of flight: | Revenue |
| Occupants: | 69 |
| Fatalities: | 0 |
| Serious Injuries: | 2 |
| Minor/Non-Injured: | 67 |
| Other Injuries: | 0 |
| Diverted to: | Charleston International Airport (Charleston Air Force Base), Charleston, South Carolina, USA |
| Executive Summary: | NTSB short summary: The pilot's inadequate evaluation of weather information, and his delay in taking remedial action that resulted in the in-flight encounter with severe weather. NTSB synopsis: At 1703:55, the enroute control center, reported hazardous weather conditions for the southeast United States in a convective SIGMET several minutes before the flight encountered severe weather. At approximately 1730, while flying at flight level 330 the pilot deviated to avoid thunderstorm activity. At approximately the same time, the pilot turned on the fasten seat-belt sign, and advised the flight attendants to secure their stations. The flight encountered severe turbulence as the pilot maneuvered to avoid convective activity. NTSB factual narrative text: On July 28, 2000, at 1737 eastern daylight time, a Boeing B727-200, N364PA, operating as Pan Am Flight 164, encountered severe turbulence at flight level 330, 60 miles south of Columbia, South Carolina. The flight diverted into Charleston, South Carolina and landed without further incident. The scheduled domestic passenger flight was operated by Pan Am Airways Corporation under the provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 121 with an instrument flight plan filed. The aircraft was in instrument meteorological conditions at the time of the turbulence. The airplane was not damaged. One passenger and a flight attendant received serious injuries, 11 passengers and 3 flight attendants received minor injuries, and the air transport pilot with 4 crewmembers and 52 passengers were not injured. The air carrier flight departed Orlando Sanford Airport in Sanford, Florida at 1653. The air carrier flight departed Orlando Sanford Airport in Sanford, Florida at 1653. At 1703:55, Jacksonville Center, St. Johns Radar Control Position (R57), reported hazardous weather information for the southeast United States in Convective Sigmet 85E. According to the pilot, at approximately 1730, while flying at flight level 330 he deviated to avoid thunderstorm activity. At approximately the same time, the pilot turned on the fasten seat-belt sign, and advised the flight attendants to secure their stations. About 60 miles south of Columbia, South Carolina, the flight encountered severe turbulence as the pilot maneuvered the airplane to avoid convective activity. After departing the region of severe turbulence, the pilot was informed of injuries in the passenger cabin. The flight diverted to Charleston International Airport in Charleston, South Carolina, and the pilot requested medical assistance upon arrival. The flight terminated in Charleston, South Carolina at 1807. Severe turbulence notation was recorded in the aircraft log for required maintenance inspection. Reportedly, 16 persons from the flight, including four flight attendants, were transported to local hospitals for treatment. Several passengers were treated and released. However, a flight attendant and a passenger remained hospitalized with serious neck and back injuries. The pilot held an airplane airline transport certificate and instrument rating. His had accumulated 20,400 flight hours, of which approximately 5,600 hours had been flown in the Boeing 727-200 airplane. The pilot held a first-class medical certificate, dated June 18, 2000. The co-pilot held an airplane commercial pilot certificate, and a flight engineer certificate. His had accumulated a total of 613 flight hours, of which approximately 363 flight hours had been flown in the Boeing 727-200 airplane. The co-pilot held a second-class medical, dated October 22, 1999. The Boeing 727-200, N364PA, was owned by Guilford Transportation of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and operated by Pan American Airways Corporation of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The airplane was powered by three Pratt and Whitney JT8D-15 engines. The last continuous airworthiness inspection was completed on July 27, 2000. The airplane had flown 5 hours since the last inspection, and had accumulated a total time of 47,930 hours. The Columbia Metropolitan Airport's weather observation at 1556, reported winds from 240 degrees at 5 knots, visibility 10 miles in thunderstorms, scattered clouds at 5,000 feet, ceiling broken at 13,000 feet, broken at 25,000 feet, temperature 27 degrees C (81 degrees F), dew point 20 degrees C (68 degrees F), altimeter 29.99 inches of mercury (Hg). Remarks; automated observation, stated thunderstorm activity north through south moving southeast, occasional lightning cloud-to-ground, precipitation recorded since last hourly observation less than 0.01 inch, temperature 27.2 degrees C, dew point 20.2 degrees C. At 1607, special weather observation indicated the thunderstorm ended at 1601. Charleston International Airport's weather observation at 1656 indicated wind from 150 degrees at 11 knots, visibility 10 miles, sky clear below 12,000 feet, temperature 31 degrees C (88 degrees F), dew point temperature 22 degrees (72 degrees F), altimeter 29.98 inches of Hg. The closest weather upper air reporting site was located at Charleston, South Carolina. The Charleston report stated that the Lifted Index showed severe thunderstorms probable. It also showed the wind at 32,684 feet was 232 degrees at 29 knots, and 265 degrees at 26 knots at 35,696 feet. Composite reflectivity showed there was a broken line of echoes parallel to the coast in a northeast to the southeast across South Carolina into Georgia, and then south into northern Florida. Several clusters showed level five activity. According to the crew, they were circumnavigating around these echoes when the airplane penetrated the western edge of light precipitation and encountered the severe turbulence. Convective SIGMET 85E was issued at 1656, and valid until 1855 on July 28,2000. The flight path was in the southern edge of the Convective SIGMET. The convective SIGMET was issued for an area of severe thunderstorms moving from 280 degrees at 20 knots, with tops to 43,000 feet. Hail to 1 inch and wind gusts to 50 knots possible. AIRMET Tango update number 3 issued at 1531 on July 28, 2000, and valid until 2200, showed that no significant turbulence was expected in the vicinity of convective activity. There were no SIGMETS or Severe Weather Forecast Alerts issued over South Carolina or Georgia from 1500 through 1900 on July 28, 2000. The digital flight data recorder (FDR), a Lockheed model 209F (serial number 671), was removed from the airplane and transported to the National Transportation Safety Board's laboratory in Washington, D.C. for further readout. A successful readout was performed and it determined approximately 29 minutes after take-off, the aircraft leveled off to a pressure altitude of 33,000 feet with an indicated airspeed of 298 knots. Shortly after level off, the airplane experienced vertical acceleration between -0.07 and 1.73 g's. During this time, altitude fluctuated between 32,563 feet and 33,410 feet. Reportedly, 16 persons from the flight, including four flight attendants, were transported to local hospitals for treatment. Eleven passengers and three flight attendants were treated and released with minor injuries. However, a flight attendant and a passenger remained hospitalized with serious neck and back injuries. Pan American Airways flight 164 was dispatched from Orlando Sanford Airport in Sanford, Florida, to Pittsburgh International Airport in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with a destination alternate of Philadelphia International Airport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at approximately 1349. The dispatch release noted that additional fuel was added for anticipated enroute deviations around thunderstorm activity. The flight dispatcher issued a weather document to the flight crew at 1349, on July 28, 2000. Based on the statements made by the pilot, that was their only source of weather for this flight. The weather document included weather reports (METARS), forecasts (TAFS), and NOTAMS for the departure, destination, alternate and selected enroute airports, as well as the last 2 hours of Convective SIGMETS for the eastern and central region. The 1255 and 1155, Convective SIGMETS did not have any advisories current for thunderstorms or turbulence that impacted the route of flight. There were no Center Weather Advisories, PIREPS, or other enroute forecasts included in the document issued to the flight crew. The pilot did not request any additional enroute weather information from the dispatcher. Nor, did the pilot inquire into the Convective SIGMET 85E, which was advised by Jacksonville ARTCC, St. Johns Radar Control Position (R57). |
| Learning Keywords: | Operations - Turbulence |
| Consequence - Flight Attendant Fatality - Injury |
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